A reflection on the role of ICP-MS in proteomics: Update and future perspective.

Mass spectrometry is the technique of reference for the identification and quantification of proteins. Whereas ESI and MALDI ionization sources are inherently not quantitative being highly influenced by the chemical nature of the analyte and the matrix, ICP-MS uses a hard ionization source that destroys proteins into its atoms and measures the elemental signal, which is independent of its chemical environment. As a consequence, ICP-MS turns up as an excellent technique for the screening, mapping and quantification of peptides and proteins in a sample through elemental detection (any element but C, H, N, or O) once they have been previously separated by chromatography. In this time, great efforts have been put in developing instrumentation and new methodologies that enable a better, more efficient, and more useful analysis of proteins with ICP-MS. Moreover, quantitative capabilities but lack of molecular information of ICP has led to a synergic relationship both with identifying capabilities of ESI-MS, or the use of protein-specific antibodies carrying an elemental label. JOURNAL SIGNIFICANCE: We are delighted to participate in this special issue and have the chance to congratulate Journal of Proteomics for its 10th Anniversary, and wish for many further successful anniversaries. During this last decade, Journal of Proteomics has been a clear promotor of works integrating ICP-MS for proteomics analysis. In fact, already in 2009, a review was published by invitation of the editor in chief focused on the established and potential role of ICP-MS in different areas of the proteomics analysis at the time: "The emerging role of ICP-MS in proteomics" [1]. Even though ICP-MS is not fully known or acknowledged in the proteomics world yet, its impact was significant as demonstrated by the really high interest in such publication (over 150 citations). Since then, several excellent papers relating to ICP-MS applications in proteomics have been published in this journal. Following the trend, we expect through this personal view of the current standing of ICP-MS in proteomics to enlighten the readers of Journal of Proteomics with a vision of the full present and future potential of ICP-MS in proteomics.

Understanding element composition of medicinal plants used in herbalism-A case study by analytical atomic spectrometry.

This review article is focused on element composition of medicinal plants and herbs as well as their decoctions and infusions determined by atomic spectrometry methods. Considering quality and safety of these herbal beverages, widely practiced in herbalism for medicinal and supplementing purposes, element analysis is important, and quality of its results should not raise any doubts about reliability. Hence, original researches devoted to element analysis of decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants and herbs, published after 2000, have been surveyed in details, particularly focusing on sources of elements in medicinal plants, their availability for the intake during preparation of infusions and decoctions as well as different methodological aspects related to element analysis by atomic spectrometry, including sample pretreatment and preparation before measurements, calibration methods used, and verification of reliability of results.

[Recent Development of Atomic Spectrometry in China].

As an important part of modern analytical techniques, atomic spectrometry occupies a decisive status in the whole analytical field. The development of atomic spectrometry also reflects the continuous reform and innovation of analytical techniques. In the past fifteen years, atomic spectrometry has experienced rapid development and been applied widely in many fields in China. This review has witnessed its development and remarkable achievements. It contains several directions of atomic spectrometry, including atomic emission spectrometry (AES), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and atomic mass spectrometry (AMS). Emphasis is put on the innovation of the detection methods and their applications in related fields, including environmental samples, biological samples, food and beverage, and geological materials, etc. There is also a brief introduction to the hyphenated techniques utilized in atomic spectrometry. Finally, the prospects of atomic spectrometry in China have been forecasted.

Metales en algas comestibles: Evaluación y estudio comparativo / Metals in edible algae: evaluation and comparative study

Los contenidos de 4 macroelementos (Na, K, Ca, Mg), 13 elementos traza (B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Li, Zn, Ni, Sr, V) y 3 metales tóxicos (Al, Cd, Pb) se determinaron por espectrometría de emisión atómica por plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-OES) en 27 muestras de 7 especies de algas comestibles deshidratadas (Porphyra spp., Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Laminaria spp., Undari pinnatífica, Hilmanthia elongata, Ulva lactuca), procedentes de dos orígenes diferentes (la costa asiática y la Unión Europea) y comercializadas en la isla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias, España). Las concentraciones medias (mg/kg) fueron: 4281 (Na), 7179 (K), 3222 (Ca), 2458 (Mg), 38,14 (B), 2,72 (Ba), 0,11 (Co), 0,26 (Cr), 1,98 (Cu), 106 (Fe), 8,21 (Mn), 0,11 (Mo), 2,33 (Li), 10,63 (Zn), 1,02 (Ni), 1,47 (Sr), 1,54 (V), 48,71 (Al), 0,30 (Cd) y 0,17 (Pb). El consumo de algas (4 g/día) podría contribuir a las ingestas dietéticas de metales esenciales y elementos traza principalmente Mg (4,13% de la IDR en mujeres adultas y 3,54% de la IDR en hombres adultos) y Fe (2,36% de la IDR en mujeres adultas y 4,71% de la IDR en hombres adultos). Las ingestas de metales tóxicos (195 μg Al/día 1,18 μg Cd/día y 0,68 μg Pb/día) derivada del consumo de 4 g/día de las algas analizadas no representan riesgo toxicológico para los consumidores (AU)

The content of 4 macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg), 13 trace elements (B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Li, Zn, Ni, Sr, V) and 3 toxic metals (Al, Cd, Pb) were quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in 27 samples of 7 dehydrated edible seaweed species (Porphyra spp., Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Laminaria spp., Undari pinnatífica, Hilmanthia elongata, Ulva lactuca), from two different production origins (Asian coast and European Union) and purchased in Tenerife island (Canary Islands, Spain). Mean concentrations (mg/kg) were: 4281 (Na), 7179 (K), 3222 (Ca), 2458 (Mg), 38.14 (B), 2.72 (Ba), 0.10 (Co), 0.26 (Cr), 1.98 (Cu), 106 (Fe), 8.21 (Mn), 0.11 (Mo), 2.33 (Li), 10.63 (Zn), 1.02 (Ni), 1.47 (Sr),1.54 (V), 48.71 (Al), 0.30 (Cd) and 0.17 (Pb). Daily consumption of seaweed (4 g/day) contributes to the dietary intake of metals, mainly Mg (4.13% of the RDA for adult women, and 3.54% of the RDA for adult men) and Fe (2.36% of the RDA for adult women, and 4.71% of the RDA in adult men). The estimated intakes of toxic metals derived from a daily seaweed consumption of 4 g (195 μg Al/day, 1.18 μg Cd/day and 0.68 μg Pb/day) did not reveal toxicological risks for consumers (AU)

Desarrollo de un bioadsorbente laminar con Phanerochaete chrysosporium hipertolerante al cadmio, al níquel y al plomo para el tratamiento de aguas / Development of a laminar bioadsorbent with hypertolerant Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Cd, Ni and Pb for wastewater treatment

Antecedentes. El uso de basidiomicetes para la remoción de metales es una alternativa con respecto a los métodos tradicionales, básicamente porque la biomasa actúa como un intercambiador natural al remover metales en solución. Objetivo. Desarrollar un bioadsorbente laminar empleando el hongo basidiomicete con mayor resistencia al cadmio (Cd), al níquel (Ni) y al plomo (Pb). Métodos. Se valoró la tolerancia de Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium frente a concentraciones ascendentes de sulfato de sulfato de cadmio, acetato de plomo y cloruro de níquel. Se desarrolló un bioadsorbente a base de láminas de polietileno con biomasa fúngica, que se evaluó en columnas de burbujeo empleando agua residual sintética con los 3 metales con una concentración final de 300mg/l. Finalmente, con un experimento complementario en matraces Erlenmeyer, se valoró el efecto de mayor cantidad de biomasa sobre la eficiencia de remoción. Resultados. El hongo P. chrysosporium fue la cepa más tolerante a C4H6O4Pb (10.000mg/l), a Cl2Ni (300mg/l) y CdSO4·8H2O (1.500mg/l). En el reactor y bajo condiciones no ligninolíticas, el hongo removió el 69% de la demanda química de oxígeno, produjo enzimas como lignino peroxidasa (0,01U/l) y manganeso peroxidasa (0,6U/l) y se observó la acumulación de los metales en la pared. Al incrementar la biomasa a 1,6 (p/v) se favoreció la bioadsorción de los metales en la mezcla (el 57% para el Pb, el 74% para el Cd y el 98% para el Ni) y por separado (el 95% para el Pb, el 60% para el Cd y el 56% para el Ni). Se observó una competencia entre el Ni y el Pb por los ligandos de la pared. Conclusión. Se desarrolló un novedoso sistema laminar a base de biomasa viable de P. chrysosporium que posee gran área superficial y tolera elevadas concentraciones de Cd, Ni y Pb, como alternativa para la remoción de metales en aguas(AU)

Background. The use of basidiomycetes for metal removal is an alternative to traditional methods. In this, the biomass acts as a natural ionic exchanger removing metals from solution. Objective. To develop a laminar biosorbent using a basidiomycete fungus resistant to high Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations. Methods. The tolerance of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium was evaluated using increasing concentrations of the heavy metal salts, cadmium sulphate, lead acetate and nickel chloride. A biosorbent system was developed based on polyethylene sheets with a fungal biomass. It was evaluated in bubble columns using synthetic wastewater with the 3 metal salts at a rate of 300mg/l. Finally, in a complementary experiment using shake flasks, the effect of a higher amount of biomass related to the metal removal efficiency was evaluated. Results. P. chrysosporium strain was more tolerant to C4H6O4Pb (10,000mg/l), Cl2Ni (300mg/l) and CdSO4·8H2O (1,500mg/l). In a reactor, under non-ligninolytic conditions, the fungus removed 69% of the chemical oxygen demand and produced enzymes such as LiP (0.01U/l) and MnP (0.6U/l.). An accumulation of metals in the wall was observed. By increasing the biomass to 1.6 (w/v), the metal biosorption was favored in the mixture (57% Pb, 74% Cd, and 98% Ni) and separately (95% Pb, 60% Cd, and 56% Ni). Competition between Ni and Pb by ligands of the wall was observed. Conclusion. A novel laminar system based on P. chrysosporium viable biomass was developed. It has a large surface area and tolerance to high concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb. It seems to be an alternative for the removal of metals from water(AU)

Thermospray generation directly into a flame furnace--an alternative to improve the detection power in atomic absorption spectrometry.

Recent developments and applications in the production of thermosprays directly into flame furnaces to improve the analytical sensitivity in atomic absorption spectrometry are reviewed in this manuscript. Principles, characteristics, instrumentation, and applications of this analytical technique for trace elements determination in several matrices are discussed. The use of preconcentration procedures to allow low detection limits for ultra-trace levels using TS-FF-AAS is presented and current perspectives and future trends of this technique are also discussed.

Efecto de la anemia ferropénica nutricional sobre el contenido en hueso de Ca, P y Fe / Iron deficiency anemia effect of nutrition on the content in bone, Ca, P and Fe

La anemia ferropénica nutricional provoca una alteración de gran importancia en el metabolismo fosfocálcico. Con este estudio pretendemos comprobar cómo la anemia ferropénica nutricional afect ael depósito de Ca y P en fémur y el contenido de Fe en esternón, para ello determinamos Fe y Ca por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y de P por espectrofotometría ultravioleta visible en ratas macho raza Wistar albina ferrodeficientes. El depósito de Ca y P en el fémur es significativamente (P <0.001) más bajo para el grupo anémico. Esto puede deberse al incremento de los niveles séricos de PTH y cortisol, inducidos por la ferrodeficiencia severa (Campos y col., 2007). Además se produce una drástica disminución (P < 0.001) en el contenido de Fe en esternón, hecho que incide de manera muy negativa en el proceso hematopoyético(AU)

Nutritional iron-deficiency anemia provokes a noteworthy alteration in the phosphorus and calcium metabolism. With the current study we tried to check how the nutritional iron deficiency anemia affects Ca and P deposit in femur and the Fe content in sternum. We determined Fe and Ca by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and P by ultraviolet /visibly spectrophotometry in Fe-deficient male wistar albino rats. Ca and P deposit in femur is significantly lower in the anaemic group. This can be due to the increase of the serum levels of PTH and cortisol, induced by the severe Fe-deficiency. In addition, a drastic decrease in the Fe content in sternum was recorded, fact that affects in a very negative way in the haematopoietic process(AU)

Determinación de plomo y cadmio en sangre y su relación con fuentes de exposición. Estudio PESA, 2008 / Blood lead and cadmium levels and sources of exposure. PESA study, 2008

Introducción. La exposición al plomo y al cadmio es un problema de salud pública debido a la amplia exposición a estos tóxicos en la población general. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la concentración de plomo y cadmio en sangre en una población laboral procedente de 4 centros hospitalarios universitarios de Madrid, Getafe, Cartagena y Santiago de Compostela e identificar los factores asociados. Material y métodos. En el estudio participaron 252 sujetos a los que se les administró el cuestionario estandarizado PESA® de exposición al plomo y al cadmio. La concentración de plomo y cadmio en sangre se midió por espectrometría de absorción atómica con atomización electrotérmica y corrección de fondo por efecto Zeeman en espectrómetros Perkin-Elmer; se garantizó la transferibilidad de los resultados. Resultados. La mediana de la concentración global de plomo en sangre fue de 2,0μg/dl (rango intercuartílico [RIC]: 1,2–3,1) y la de cadmio fue de 0,2μg/l (RIC: 0,1–0,4). La mediana de plomo en las mujeres menopáusicas fue superior (2,9μg/dl) a la de las mujeres premenopáusicas (1,3μg/dl) (p<0,001). La mediana de cadmio de los sujetos fumadores (0,54μg/l) fue mayor que la de los sujetos no fumadores (0,21μg/l) (p<0,001). Conclusiones. Se observa un descenso en las concentraciones de plomo y cadmio en sangre respecto a estudios previos realizados en España. Sin embargo, los resultados sugieren que existen factores de mayor riesgo, como la edad, la menopausia, la antigüedad de la vivienda y la exposición al humo de tabaco (AU)

Introduction. Exposure to lead and cadmium is a public health problem owing to the wide exposure to these toxic substances among the general population. The objective of this study is to determine blood lead and cadmium concentrations in a working population drawn from four university hospitals in Madrid, Getafe, Cartagena and Santiago de Compostela, and to identify associated factors. Materials and Methods. A total of 252 subjects took part in the study and were given the standardised PESA® questionnaire on exposure to lead and cadmium. The blood lead and cadmium concentrations were measured by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction in Perkin-Elmer spectrometers, guaranteeing the transferability of the results. Results. The median overall blood lead concentration was: 2.0μg/dL ( Interquartile Range (IQR):1.2–3.1) and that of cadmium was: 0.2μg/L (IQR: 0,1–0,4). The median of lead in post-menopausal women was higher (2.9μg/dL) than that of pre-menopausal women (1.3μg/dL) P<0.001. The median of cadmium in subjects who smoked (0.54μg/L) was higher than that in non-smokers (0.21μg/L) P<0.001. Conclusions. A reduction in blood lead and cadmium levels was observed with respect to previous studies carried out in Spain. Nevertheless, the results suggest there are certain factors which increase the risk, such as age, menopause, age of housing and exposure to cigarette smoke (AU)

Application of phenothiazine derivatives and other compounds for the determination of metals in various samples.

Phenothiazine derivatives (PDS) readily react with several metal ions in acid or buffer media to yield colored species which could be followed spectrophotometrically. Reaction conditions have been optimized to get colored species of maximum stability and intensity. The effects of foreign ions have been investigated. The results of all the methods were supported by statistical analysis. The proposed methods have been successfully applied for the analysis of various samples containing the interested metal ion(s). In addition, some extractive spectrophotometric methods based on the formation of ion-association complexes (extractable into organic solvents) and gravimetric methods have been discussed.